John 10:1-10

This passage is read on "Good Shepherd Sunday", the fourth Sunday in Easter, most recently April 26, 2026.  In the Revised Common Lectionary, chapter 10 is broken up over three weeks and paired with Psalm 23 (link to commentary).

Summary:  I do not think this is a passage where one needs to analyze metaphors to the point of deconstruction!  A possible direction for preaching might be to think about "abundance" in light of "sheep."

Key words:

θυρα (meaning "gate", 10:1,10:7 and 10:9).  This has always been a puzzling metaphor for me.  Jesus comparing himself to a gate, which divides and keeps out, seems contrary to some of my basic notions of Jesus.  What amplifies this is that in John's Gospel, the disciples lock the gate/door (same word; 20:19, 26), showing that yes, indeed, this word is associated with fear and protection.

In terms of Old Testament references, the word "gate" or "door" appears just about everywhere, so it would be hard to make a compelling case that Jesus is clearly referencing something in the Old Testament.  

Amplifying the challenge is that Jesus employs two of his εγω ειμι ("I am", 10:7,9) statements here.  To review, Jesus uses "I am" statements throughout the Gospel of John, such as "I am the resurrection" or "I am the way."  In Greek (and Hebrew) these have a particular force because verbs already include the subject in their conjugation, meaning the inclusion of "I" or "You" is unnecessary and done for emphasis.  In short, the could be translated, "I, I am."  In this case, it is often left as "I am" because the "I am" harkens back to the name of God in the Old Testament, in which God declares the name of God to be "I am who I am." 

All this to say, Jesus is trying to say something important here, but I am not sure if I fully understand. Perhaps I can offer this:  Jesus does not say he is the fence or the wall.  He says he is the gate, the entrance.  He is the one who intends to make a way for us into the pasture.

κλεπτης ("thief", 10:1,10:8,10:10)  I do not offer any big Greek insight here, other than to say that this is used three times.  There are thieves who come into the pasture.  This might be the Pharisees (with whom Jesus is speaking); it might be Judas (who is referred to as a κλεπτης).  Regardless, it is clear that there are thieves in the pasture.  Just because we have Jesus, doesn't mean we don't face opposition, even in the holy spaces.

In some ways, the use of the word "λῃστής" is simply the typical John pattern of having two similar words by each other... but the word has a different connotation.  It means one who steals by force - plunderer!  This will be the word used to describe Barabbas in John 18:40.

περισσον ("abundant", 10:10)  I am not sure if Greek parsing of this word is particularly helpful, other than to say:  When 21st century Americans read the word "abundant" they most likely associate this with individual wealth and prosperity.  Furthermore, this "abundance" likely means that they are independent of others, in that they no longer need to borrow a neighbor's egg.  For most of human history, each person lacked all the resources they needed for the day, but with the help of their neighbors (child care, food, water, protection), they have found and continued to find their way through the day.  If abundance means financial independence from others, then basically, we had to wait until the industrial revolution for more than 1 percent of the population to reach this point.  

My sense is that the metaphor of the sheep (προβατα) suggests some directions for interpreting "περισσον", that is abundant living

- Dependent on God

- Needing the whole herd

- Purpose of life is to always give away what we have, especially our excess (wool, warmth, milk and ultimately life)

Therefore, I would offer that for Jesus, the abundant life is one of deep connection to him and others, in lives of service and mutuality.  In short, the very opposite of 

θυρωρος ("gatekeeper", 10:3)  While this may also sound like a terrible metaphor for the 1st or 3rd person of the trinity or even a leader in a religious community, I did find that Trayer's Lexicon offered the translation of "janitor."  I found this kind of cool to think that God is portrayed as a blue collar worker.  

Reminds me of a Martin Luther King Jr quote that may speak to what abundant life means:

“If a man is called to be a street sweeper, he should sweep streets even as a Michelangelo painted, or Beethoven composed music or Shakespeare wrote poetry. He should sweep streets so well that all the hosts of heaven and earth will pause to say, 'Here lived a great street sweeper who did his job well.” ― Martin Luther King Jr.

νομνη ("pasture", 10:9)  Just a reminder - in the best pastures there are both weeds and piles of poop.  The good life still has bad guys, bad grass and poop.

Grammar note:  Without an article

When the word "ποιμήν" is used in verse 2, it is without an article.  Thus, it does not need to be translated "the shepherd" but simply can be "a shepherd."  One could argue that in semitic languages (Hebrew, Aramaic) when you have a phrase like "shepherd of sheep" you automatically need to translate this as "the shepherd of the sheep" but John does not include the word "the" here.  In fact, some manuscripts include the whole phrase "he is the shepherd of the sheep."  But I think John's exclusion of the article here suggests that he is not pointing to Jesus here and rather acknowledging that other shepherds work in the field.

Luke 24:13-35

This passage occurs in the RCL during Easter (Year A, B and if you like, C).  It also occurs in the Narrative Lectionary, the year of Luke (year 3).

Summary:
A very moving piece of Scripture.  You might argue it is the "ultimate" piece of Luke's Gospel, bringing together so many themes:  importance of hospitality, completion of OT salvation and vitality of worship to name a few.  

A reflection on this passage and Holy Communion:  The disciples recognize Jesus in the breaking of the bread and the ties to Holy Communion are obvious.  However, a few curiosities.  First, Jesus does not use the word Eucharist here, which he does at the last supper.  Furthermore, the resurrected Christ shows up to the disciples not in the breaking of the bread, but in the proclamation of the Word as they tell each other Jesus is risen! (Vs 36!) Finally, when Jesus first gives them the bread, it is not after the breaking but after the distribution that their eyes are opened.  They had to know that Jesus was for you in order to know Christ.  Ultimately though, this theological masterpiece cannot be used against communion, but I want to point out that for Luke, everything good and wonderful (including praise, the power of the Word and the importance of intimacy, even relationship with Christ and the community) is included!  To put it more potently  :  This passage is about way more than breaking bread.  Likewise, Holy Communion is about more than breaking bread, it is about praising God in Glory, proclaiming the death and resurrection of Jesus and finally, by the Holy Spirit, recognizing Christ did this for me and my brethren.

Key Themes:  

1)  Intimacy and fellowship

The story shows the main two ways in which humans are involved in intimate conversation:  taking a walk together and enjoying a meal together.  Here are some other hints about this 'togetherness'

συν (preposition meaning "with"; but it can also be combined with verbs to slightly change their meaning; three such verbs appear in 24:14,15)  By using these words Luke plays on the sounds the words make; he also subtly suggests those on the road were together.  In fact, even the word for converse (ομιλεω) has 'homo' as a root word, which means 'of one.'

ωμιλουν (form of ομιλεω - important to note there is a rough breathing accent here; 24:14)  This word is literally:  homoleoo, from which we get homiletic, as in sermon.  Ironically, this word often comes to mean a sage on stage, but the root of the word is conversation, in this case conversation on the road together!  How is your preaching like a conversation?  For me, my delivery has a few ways to engage the listeners, but the main way in which it is a conversation is the Bible studies that I do during the week surrounding the week's preaching text(s).

παροικιες (from "παροικεω" meaning "temporarily dwell", 24:18)  I love that Jesus is described as only temporarily living in Jerusalem.  There is such truth to this -- He was an outsider in the extreme! 

μενω ("abide," used twice in 24:29)  Although often associated with the Gospel of John, this word still carries import here.  The disciples invite Jesus to abide with them.  Not in their heart, but at their table!  Also the one who was an outsider becomes the ultimate insider!

ηθροισμενους (perfect passive form of "αθροιζω", meaning gather, 24:33)  This word for gather comes from noise.  Like when you gather people, you get noise.  Imagine a house full of people joyfully saying that Jesus was alive!

κατακλιθνηαι (from "κατακλινω", meaning "lie down", 24:30)  Jesus is lying down on their floor!

2)  Faith and Sight

ηλπιζομεν (imperfect form!, meaning hope, 24:21)  This word is not in the perfect (nor aorist) tense.  It is in the imperfect tense.  They are still hoping.  They have not lost hope.  They just cannot see!

εκρατουντο (imperfect for of κρατω, meaning "seize", 24:16)  Most English speakers should be familiar with this root - it comes into English as "democracy" - power of the people.  Luke does not clarify -- what is the power seizing them?

εγνωσθη ("know" aorist form of γινωσκω 24:35)  I point this verb out because Luke changes it from the earlier "recognize" (επιγινωσκω).  I cannot figure out why Luke draws this distinction, other than to say: If you know Jesus, you will recognize him; if you recognize him, you know.  To put it in familiar Lutheran terms:  To know Christ is to know his benefits.  When it comes to these words, I am not sure if I know the difference, even though I recognize it (haha).  

It is worth putting this word in play with two other words that Luke uses: 

ειδον (see, 24)  The early disciples did not see Jesus; more importantly, they did not recognize what this meant. You cannot see what you do not believe, even when it is right in front of your eyes.  Until we have internalized a new story, we will reject new data.  (See COVID reaction in America for this.  We cannot emphasize this enough in our post-consensus-truth society.  People like and agree with facts that coheres with their worldview).  I would argue that someone has to translate the Biblical story into our lives in a way that we can see something new.

εξηγουντο (imperfect form of εξηγεομαι, 24:35) This word comes into English as "exegesis"; it literally means "to lead out."  What I find interesting here is that Luke acknowledges that their telling of the story is also an interpretation.  There is no "neutral" story telling.  Story telling is an act of interpretation.

ανασταντες (raise up, 24:33).  Once they did recognize the risen Lord, they themselves "rose" up -- they experienced resurrection.  Even though at that point he was invisible!

κλασει ("breaking" dative of κλασις 24:35; in a verb form κλασας 24:30; also sounds like the name Κλεοπας)  It is in the breaking of the bread that the disciples recognize Jesus; worth pointing out, however, is that it is also in the proclamation of Jesus resurrection (vs 35-36) that Jesus shows up.  Luke does not neglect a theology of the Word!  It is also worth pointing out that the first time they recognize Jesus, they do so, not in the breaking of the break, but while the bread is being distributed.  Based on the verb tenses you get:  Taking the bread he blessed it.  After he broke it he was distributing it.  And their eyes began to be opened (or became opened).  The point here is that breaking the bread may not be the only "magic" moment when Jesus shows up.  In other words (I know I am pushing it here), it was only when they heard the for you that the recognized Jesus.  If you don't know Jesus is for you, you can't see him in the world!

συνζητεῖν ("discussing", 24:15)  The word literally means "seeking together."  It can mean discuss or even dispute.  I find this telling that the word for dispute in the NT means "seek together."  Not all disagreements are bad things!  People can disagree on the matter but agree on their aim.  Helpful in our current political climate and in our intimate relationships!

3.  Salvation - roots in the OT
λυτρουσθαι ("redeem," present infinitive form of λυτρομαι, 24:21)  This verb means redeem in a the "ransom" sense of the word.  The Bible uses this word to talk about people redeeming property with payment.  People can also make a redemption payment to God to avoid punishment for their sins (see Number 35:31).  In Exodus, in fact, the people must pay a ransom to God to avoid a plague (30:12).

A few other points:
- Redemption can avoid punishment but not ultimate death:  Psalm 49:8-9 For the ransom of life is costly, and can never suffice that one should live on forever and never see the grave.  (NRSV)  The idea of redemption into eternal life seems a human impossibility and a new testament novel development.

- God was not the only one from whom redemption could be sought.  For example, God redeems (same verb) the people from slavery in Egypt (2 Sam 7:23, Deut 13:5).  In this sense, God redeems from an agent hostile to God's will for the people.

- It is worth point out that Luke employs the idea in a different manner here than in Mark 10.  In Mark, Jesus is the redemption (the thing paid to do the redeeming, 10:45).  Based on the structure of this sentence in Luke, Jesus is the one doing the redeeming.  This small distinction raises great question for Christians:  Who was Jesus redeeming Israel from (Rome?); why was Jesus redeeming them?  What was the payment (his suffering?)?  Who did God possibly have to deal with?  But if you don't want to go there, keep it simple:  Jesus gave his life that you might be redeemed, namely, set free from sin and death.

- There is another complex way to think about redemption looking at the book of Numbers. I wrote about this word extensively in a post on Mark 10.  In that post, I delve into the truth that a transactional sense of Jesus' work on the cross has clear biblical roots...but is not the best way to understand the data. 

δοξαν ("glory" accusative of δοξη, 24:26)  This word has many layers; originally meaning "opinion" it can also mean "splendor."  In the Old Testament, the glory of God was revealed in God's presence and thus, the two became inter-connected.  So in the New Testament, borrowing from the OT, "glory" also means the amazing presence of God!  Luke uses this word at some key passages to point toward the glory related to the presence of God and his kingly splendor:  Glory of Christmas Angels (2:9/2:14); Devil's promise (4:6); Transfiguration (9:32); Palm Sunday (19:38); Second coming (9:26/21:27)\

καιομενη (present passive participle of καιω 24:32)  While God often makes things burn out of his anger, I think the best recollection for this verb is the burning bush -- it was not consumed, but the Word of God kindled it brightly!

Lastly...

προσεποιησατο ("pretend" aorist of προσποιεω, 24:28)  So, can Jesus pretend?  Yes!!

Grammar review:  Negative questions
Greek shows questions with a ";" mark.  Some sentences can be very tricky because we miss this!
Also, in Greek, a question can include a negative.  Depending on the wording, the question expects either a no or yes answer.  In English we have something similar, in that a question can expect a yes or no answer, but it is the word order, if not inflection, that reveals this information in English:
"You don't think that is a good idea, do you?" (Expects a no answer)
"Don't you want you some ice cream?"  (Expect a yes answer)
In Greek, the distinction is easier!  When they use "μη" they expect a no answer. When they use "ου" they expect yes.
So, for example, when Jesus asks the question, "Grapes are not gathered from thorns, are they?" the Greek uses a μη (7:16, technically μητι). 
Again, if it has a "ου" it expects a "yes."  The only challenging part is that ου can show up as ουκ when it appears before a verb; also ουχι is a more intense form, like "REALLY PEOPLE, the answer must be yes..."

In this 24:26, Jesus asks the question about the necessity of his suffering:
ουχι ταυτα εδει παθειν τον χριστον και εισελειν εις την δοξαν αυτου;
Because the sentence (really a question!) begins with ουχι it expects a "yes" answer:
"REALLY PEOPLE, wasn't it necessary for the Christ to suffer this and then enter into his glory?"

John 20:19-31

In the RCL, this passage appears on Easter II

Summary:  This is a rich enough story to preach on every year.  There are so many directions!  Obviously, there is a lot in this passage about the dynamics of doubt.  But I don't think one needs to take that angle!

Key Words:
λεγει ("speak", 20.19)  The verb here for "speak" is the present tense, which suggests repeated action: He continually was saying to them, "Peace be with you."

υμιν ("you all" in the dative, 20:19).  The Greek leaves out the word "is" in the sentence, simply declaring "Peace to you."  Hence, the Greek is a bit more ambiguous here as to whether Jesus is offering a blessing or making a statement: "Peace is with you" could work. All that the Greek has is "Peace to/for/with/by/in you."

Always worth addressing to an American audience:  This you is a plural you.  The peace is among, with and for the whole group, not just an individual.

It is also worth noting the power of the community in this passage:  They continue to believe for Thomas, even when he cannot believe himself.

θυρα ("gate", 20.19)  The word for "door" or "gate" here is θυρα; this word is used in other Gospels to talk about the entrance to Jesus tomb.  It can be hard to make cross-Gospel connections, so a bit simpler:  Jesus calls himself the θυρα, or the Gate in John's Gospel (10:1-9).  See also:

κεκλεισμενων ("locked", 20.26) The text literally reads: "The Jesus of locked doors/gates came stood into the middle of them." This is a very odd placement/case of the expression "locked doors/gates."  It may modify the circumstances under which Jesus came (ie, Jesus came in after the gates were locked), but it might also modify Jesus.  This is the more exciting possibility.  Again, option A, the standard translation:  "Jesus came while the doors were locked."  Option B, more exciting:  "Jesus of locked doors came." The former is the more likely translation, but John seems to suggest the latter through his narrative.  My point with the "locked gates" Jesus is that Jesus is very good at breaking down barriers that we establish.   

αποστελλω vs πιμπω ("send", 20.21) Jesus here will use different verbs for the father's sending and his sending of the disciples, αποστελλω vs πιμπω .  Don't read into this.  John just likes to use variety. See 8.29 and 17.18 for examples of Jesus using these verbs interchangeably.  The big deal is that Jesus sends the disciples.  Don't buy the idea that this is a core Johannine theme; this is a core New Testament and whole Bible theme!

ενεφυσησεν (aorist form of "breath-in", 20.22)  The verb "breath-in" is a rather rare verb in biblical Greek, appearing once in the NT and nine times in the OT Greek.  Significantly, in the OT it shows up in Genesis 2:7, when God breathes into the humans; in 1 Kings when Elijah revives a boy and also in Ezekiel 37, when God's Spirit breathes into the bones.  The disciples are coming alive! 

COVID-19 reflection.  It wasn't enough for Jesus to be raised from the dead.  It was also not enough for them to hear the news.  Jesus had to physically interact with them.  We are incarnate creatures.  Which means that the spiritual is also the physical.  The spirit itself is associated with breath, not internal mystical feelings.  We are inspirited creatures, something not opposed to incarnate creatures. 

αφεωνται & κεκρατηνται (perfect forms of αφηιμι & κρατω, meaning "forgive" and "hold", 20.23) The verb tenses of "forgiven" (αφεωνται) and "bound" (κεκρατηνται) are in the present for the disciple's actions, but in the perfect tense for the result -- the effect is lasting. Actually, the tense for forgive is in the aorist and the tense for bound is present.  This suggests that binding/retaining a sin takes energy -- we have to keep it up...I think this is true on an individual level, where retaining a sin takes energy as we hold a grudge. I think this also is true on a societal and church level, where calling something a sin and continuing to claim it as such takes energy too. 

τυπος ("mark", 20.25)  This word can mean "wound" or "mark" but clearly comes into English as another word:  "Type."  A τυπος originally meant a mark created by a blow or impression.  Eventually it came to mean a mold or form into which something could be made (you make such a form by impressing or blowing something!); then it came to mean 'example', often related to a set of teachings.  For example, Paul writes in Romans 6:17 (NIV)
"...you wholeheartedly obeyed the form of teaching to which you were entrusted."
Paul is offering in Romans that Christ's teachings made an impression and formed a mold.

So what is the mold and form τυπος of the Christian teachings?  Jesus offers us a brutal and powerful image of the form of Christian teaching:  Resurrected wounds from the cross!!  Death that leads into life through the Spirit!  This is the substance of the Christian proclamation.  To put it another way, sanctification comes about through healed wounds that allow us to point to God's faithfulness

ου μη ("no-no", 20.25) The ου μη that Thomas uses is a strong future denial meaning "ou meh," as in "will never."

οκτω ("eight", 20.26) The number eight here is a reminder that Christians gather on the 8th day, the day after the (Jewish) Sabbath, the day of resurrection.  Baptismal fonts have eight sides...

απιστος ("unfaithful", 20.27)  Thomas never "doubts" as a verb. The word doubt is not used, but rather, unfaithful! Jesus says literally, "Do not be unfaithful but faithful."  Side note:  I've often wondered if Thomas struggled to believe the resurrection more emotionally than intellectually because he knew exactly what it meant if Jesus had been raised -- they would all have their lives totally changed...exactly what happened to Thomas, even traveling to India to proclaim Jesus is Risen!

To be more clear:  In English "believe" is often about intellectual assent; I believe in aliens means I think it is highly probably they exist.  I believe in God, in the Hebrew, Greek and Latin languages means I TRUST in God.  (Creed comes into English in credit, credibility, etc).  The question is ultimately whether Thomas believes that the resurrection happened, but whether he trusts Jesus fully as his Lord.